Appendix A
Some Formulas and Identities
Here are some useful formulas and identities made use of but not introduced elsewhere in the book.
Euler's identity relating the exponential function to trigonometric functions:
(A.1) 
(A.2) 
(A.3) 
Cosine and Sine Multiplication
(A.4) 
(A.5) 
(A.6) 
(A.7) 
Sum and Difference of Angles
(A.8) 
(A.9) 
Law of Cosines (applicable for any triangle) See Figure A.1.
(A.10) 
Figure A.1 Law of cosines.
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