Aside: The IETF[9] and TCP/IP Standards

[9] IETF stands for Internet Engineering Task Force.

Before exploring the Data Link layer in more detail, this is a good time to mention the other major protocol suite (which has effectively supplanted the OSI protocol suite); namely, the TCP/IP family of protocols.

The IETF was a completely different type of standards organization, which placed “rough consensus and running code” ahead of excessive formality. The IETF grew out of networking research efforts funded by the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, occasionally known as ARPA). The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol stack emerged in the early 1980s.[10]

[10] Specifically, the Internet (well, ...

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