Methods

Identifying Instruments

To identify published instruments, I conducted an online computer literature search of social and behavioral science and business databases, including Mental Measurements Yearbook with Tests in Print (Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, 1938–2010), using keywords such as 360-degree, multirater, multisource, management, leadership, feedback, survey, questionnaire, instrument, assessment, and evaluation.

Trainers and coaches at the Center for Creative Leadership recommended instruments they knew or had heard about. I also contacted authors and vendors concerning their knowledge of instruments that fit the description. Finally, external colleagues who heard about the project through the grapevine made recommendations. ...

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