Introduction

We consider ourselves lucky enough to live in an era when new things and new ideas seem to come out every few years, if not every few days. We are not only experiencing an explosion of new ideas, but also witnessing some existing technologies being completely maxed out in our lifetime, including the semiconductor technology. Since Brattain and H. R. Moore made a demonstration of the first transistor at Bell Labs on December 23, 1947, the semiconductor, as we know it today, is reaching its physical limit, even though we are still trying very hard to shrink it below 10 nanometers. For the sake of argument, even if we can still shrink a couple of nanometers below 10 nanometers, how much further can we really go without changing the ...

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