INTRODUCTION

We have developed certain powerful procedures of analysis and a set of powerful tools in the form of circuit theorems for memoryless circuits in the last two chapters. Memoryless circuits contain linear resistors and linear dependent sources and are driven by independent voltage sources and independent current sources. We continue our discussion on such circuits by introducing a very popular circuit element called Operational Amplifier (Opamp). It is an electronic amplifier that can be modelled by a voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

We are familiar with four kinds of dependent sources – VCVS, CCVS, VCCS and CCCS. All these dependent sources are employed in modelling various kinds of electronic amplifiers. In fact, any interaction ...

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