e-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning

10.3. How to Leverage Worked Examples: Overview

In our first edition, we showed evidence that replacing some practice with worked examples results in more efficient and effective learning. To ensure that learners actively process worked examples, we suggested that some worked examples be designed as "completion" problems that require the learner to fill in some of the steps. We can update these recommendations with the following new guidelines:

Principle 1: Transition from worked examples to full problems via fading.

Principle 2: Include self-explanation questions with your worked examples.

Principle 3: Supplement worked examples with effective explanations.

Regarding the formatting of worked examples, we continue to recommend that you apply the ...