1 Introduction

Photography is all about making pictures that can be viewed independently of the subject portrayed. Such pictures may be holiday snaps or images recording world events; they may be portraits of film stars or family relatives; they may record exotic animals in the wild or flowers and birds in your own back garden. And, of course, the pictures may be intended for viewing by a public audience (on the pages of a magazine or in an exhibition) or just as personal memories.

All this could also be said of the visual arts in general and, in the days before photography, other artists did indeed fulfil many of these roles. But the camera changed all of that. More recently, digital cameras have moved the goalposts once more, not least because ...

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