Preface
When Rails was first released in 2004, it revolutionized how web development was done by embracing concepts like Donât Repeat Yourself (DRY) and convention over configuration. As Rails gained momentum, the conventions that were making things work so well started to get in the way of developers who had the urge to extend how Rails behaved or even to replace whole components.
Some developers felt that using DataMapper as an object-relational mapper (ORM) instead of using Active Record was best. Other developers turned to MongoDB and other nonrelational databases but still wanted to use their favorite web framework. Then there were developers who preferred test frameworks like RSpec to Test::Unit. These developers hacked, cobbled, or ...
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