Core Java™ Data Objects

1.4. Non-Managed and Managed Environments

The previous section discussed the need for “someone” to call the datastore and persistence services. Figure 1-4 showed this someone as being the developer, and this needs a bit of elaboration. With the arrival of J2EE, Java applications environments can be broadly grouped into two categories—namely, non-managed and managed environments.

1.4.1. Non-managed environments

A non-managed environment defines an operational environment for a two-tier application in which an application client connects directly to the resources that it needs. Applications do not depend on any J2EE containers and are typically standalone or based around client-server architectures. In such non-managed environments, the application ...