3.1 Introduction

The first chapter introduced computer science basics, focusing on the concept of algorithms. The second chapter discussed the basic components of a computer. Now it is time to introduce core programming elements, the most basic tools of programming languages. We will show examples of this using the Ruby programming language. These include constants and variables of various data types and the process of input and output. Also, we will explain common programming errors encountered when using the information covered in this chapter.

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