Complete Electronics Self-Teaching Guide with Projects

Conventions Used in This Book

As you study electronics, you will find that there is some variation in terminology and the way that circuits are drawn. Following are three conventions followed in this book that you should be aware of:

• The discussions use “V” to stand for voltage, versus “E,” which you see used in some other books.
• In all circuit diagrams, intersecting lines indicate an electrical connection. (Some other books use a dot at the intersection of lines to indicate a connection.) If a semicircle appears at the intersection of two lines, it indicates that there is no connection. See Figure 9.5 for an example of this.
• The discussions in this book use conventional current flow to determine the flow of electric current (from positive voltage to negative voltage), whereas some other books use electron flow (from negative voltage to positive voltage).