Book description
A practical guide for comparing, designing, and deploying IPsec, MPLS Layer 3, L2TPv3, L2TPv2, AToM, and SSL virtual private networks
Explore the major VPN technologies and their applications, design, and configurations on the Cisco IOS® Router, Cisco® ASA 5500 Series, and the Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrator platforms
Compare the various VPN protocols and technologies, learn their advantages and disadvantages, and understand their real-world applications and methods of integration
Find out how to design and implement Secure Socket Layer (SSL) VPNs, including consideration of clientless operation, the Cisco SSL VPN Client, the Cisco Secure Desktop, file and web server access, e-mail proxies, and port forwarding
Learn how to deploy scalable and secure IPsec and L2TP remote access VPN designs, including consideration of authentication, encryption, split-tunneling, high availability, load-balancing, and NAT transparency
Master scalable IPsec site-to-site VPN design and implementation including configuration of security protocols and policies, multiprotocol/ multicast traffic transport, NAT/PAT traversal, quality of service (QoS), Dynamic Multipoint VPNs (DMVPNs), and public key infrastructure (PKI)
Virtual private networks (VPNs) enable organizations to connect offices or other sites over the Internet or a service provider network and allow mobile or home-based users to enjoy the same level of productivity as those who are in the same physical location as the central network. However, with so many flavors of VPNs available, companies and providers are often hard pressed to identify, design, and deploy the VPN solutions that are most appropriate for their particular network architecture and service needs.
Comparing, Designing, and Deploying VPNs brings together the most popular VPN technologies for convenient reference. The book examines the real-world operation, application, design, and configuration of the following site-to-site VPNs: Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3 (L2TPv3)-based Layer 2 VPNs (L2VPN); Any Transport over MPLS (AToM)-based L2VPN; MPLS Layer 3-based VPNs; and IP Security (IPsec)-based VPNs. The book covers the same details for the following remote access VPNs: Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 2 (L2TPv2) VPNs; L2TPv3 VPNs; IPsec-based VPNs; and Secure Socket Layer (SSL) VPNs. Through the operation, application, and configuration details offered in each chapter, you’ll learn how to compare and contrast the numerous types of VPN technologies, enabling you to consider all relevant VPN deployment options and select the VPN technologies that are most appropriate for your network.
Comparing, Designing, and Deploying VPNs begins with an introduction of the types of VPNs available. Subsequent chapters begin with an overview of the technology, followed by an examination of deployment pros and cons that you can use to determine if the particular VPN technology is appropriate for your network. Detailed discussion of design, deployment, and configuration make up the heart of each chapter. Appendix A offers insight into two multipoint emulated LAN services that can be deployed over a MAN or WAN: Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and IP-only Private LAN Service (IPLS).
If you are a network architect, network engineer, network administrator, an IT manager, or CIO involved in selecting, designing, deploying, and supporting VPNs, you’ll find Comparing, Designing, and Deploying VPNs to be an indispensable reference.
This book is part of the Cisco Press® Networking Technology Series, which offers networking professionals valuable information for constructing efficient networks, understanding new technologies, and building successful careers.
Table of contents
- Copyright
- About the Author
- Acknowledgments
- Icons Used in This Book
- Command Syntax Conventions
- Introduction
-
I. Understanding VPN Technology
-
1. What Is a Virtual Private Network?
-
VPN Devices
- VPN Technologies and Protocols
- Modeling and Characterizing VPNs
- Deploying Site-to-Site and Remote Access VPNs: A Comparison
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
VPN Devices
-
1. What Is a Virtual Private Network?
-
II. Site-to-Site VPNs
-
2. Designing and Deploying L2TPv3-Based Layer 2 VPNs
- Benefits and Drawbacks of L2TPv3-Based L2VPNs
- L2TPv3 Pseudowire Operation
-
Configuring and Verifying L2TPv3 Pseudowires
-
Deploying L2TPv3 Pseudowires with Dynamic Session Setup
- Step 1: Configure CEF
- Step 2: Configure a Loopback Interface to Use as the Pseudowire Endpoint
- Step 3: Configure an L2TPv3 Class (Optional)
- Step 4: Configure a Pseudowire Class
- Step 5: Bind Attachment Circuits to Pseudowires
- Implementing L2TPv3 Pseudowire-Based L2VPNs Using Static Session Configuration
- L2VPN Interworking with L2TPv3
- Transporting IPv6 over an IPv4 Backbone Using IPv6 Protocol Demultiplexing
- Provisioning Quality of Service for L2TPv3 Pseudowires
- Avoiding Packet Fragmentation and Packet Drops with L2TPv3 Pseudowires
-
Deploying L2TPv3 Pseudowires with Dynamic Session Setup
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
3. Designing and Implementing AToM-Based Layer 2 VPNs
- Benefits and Drawbacks of AToM-Based L2VPNs
- AToM Pseudowire Operation
-
Deploying AToM Pseudowires
- Implementing AToM Pseudowires for Ethernet Traffic Transport
- Deploying AToM Pseudowires for HDLC and PPP Traffic Transport
- Frame Relay Traffic Transport with AToM Pseudowires
-
Using AToM Pseudowires to Transport ATM Traffic
-
ATM Cell Relay
- ATM Port Mode Cell Relay Transport over AToM Pseudowires
- ATM n-to-One Cell Relay Transport over AToM Pseudowires
- VCC and VPC N-to-One Cell Relay Transport with Single Cell Relay
- VCC and VPC N-to-One Cell Relay Transport with Packed Cell Relay
- Deploying ATM VCC N-to-One Cell Relay
- Deploying ATM VPC N-to-One Cell Relay
-
ATM Cell Relay
- Implementing Advanced AToM Features
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
4. Designing MPLS Layer 3 Site-to-Site VPNs
- Advantages and Disadvantages of MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
- MPLS Layer 3 VPNs Overview
- A Detailed Examination of MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
-
Deploying MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
-
Configuration of PE Routers
- Step 1: Configure a Loopback Interface for Use as the PE Router’s BGP Router ID/LDP Router ID
- Step 2: Configure LDP
- Step 3: Enable MPLS on Interfaces Connected to Other PE or P Routers
- Step 4: Configure the Backbone Network IGP
- Step 5: Configure MP-BGP for VPNv4 Route Exchange with Other PE Routers or Route Reflectors
- Step 6: Configure the Customer VRFs
- Step 7: Configure the Customer VRF Interfaces
-
Step 8: Configure the Customer VRF Routing Protocols or Static Routes for Connectivity Between Customer VPN Sites
- Configuring RIPv2 for Connectivity Between Customer VPN Sites
- Configuring EIGRP for Connectivity Between Customer VPN Sites
- Configuring OSPF for Connectivity Between Customer VPN Sites
- Configuring EBGP for Connectivity Between Customer VPN Sites
- Configuring Static Routes for Connectivity Between Customer VPN Sites
- Step 9: Redistribute the PE-CE Routing Protocol / Static VRF Routes into MP-BGP
- Configuration of P Routers
- Provisioning Route Distribution for VPN Topologies
- Preventing Routing Loops When Customer VPN Sites Are Multihomed
- Implementing Internet Access for MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
-
Configuration of PE Routers
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
5. Advanced MPLS Layer 3 VPN Deployment Considerations
-
The Carriers’ Carrier Architecture
- CSC Architecture When MPLS Is Not Enabled Within CSC Customer Sites
- CSC Architecture When MPLS Is Enabled Within CSC Customer Sites
-
The Inter-Autonomous System/Interprovider MPLS VPN Architecture
- VRF-to-VRF Connectivity at ASBRs
- Advertisement of Labeled VPN-IPv4 (VPNv4) Between ASBRs Using MP-eBGP
-
Advertisement of Labeled VPN-IPv4 (VPNv4) Between Route Reflectors in Separate Autonomous Systems Using Multihop MP-eBGP
- Route and Label Advertisement When Deploying Inter-Autonomous System MPLS VPNs with the Advertisement of Labeled VPN-IPv4 Between Route Reflectors in the Separate Autonomous Systems
- Packet Forwarding When Deploying Inter-Autonomous System MPLS VPNs Using MP-eBGP Between Route Reflectors in Separate Autonomous Systems
-
Supporting Multicast Transport in MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
- Point-to-Point GRE Tunnels
- Multicast VPNs (MVPN)
- Implementing QoS for MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
- Supporting IPv6 Traffic Transport in MPLS Layer 3 VPNs Using 6VPE
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
The Carriers’ Carrier Architecture
-
6. Deploying Site-to-Site IPsec VPNs
- Advantages and Disadvantages of IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs
- IPsec: A Security Architecture for IP
-
Deploying IPsec VPNs: Fundamental Considerations
-
Selecting and Configuring IKE Policies for Automated SA and Key Management
-
Selecting the Appropriate Method of IKE Authentication
- IKE Preshared Key Authentication
- IKE Encrypted Nonce Authentication
-
IKE Digital Signature Authentication
- Step 1: Set the Time on the IPsec VPN Gateways
- Step 2: Configure the IPsec VPN Gateways’ Host Names and IP Domain Names
- Step 3: Generate RSA Keys on the IPsec VPN Gateways
- Step 4: Declare the CA
- Step 5: Authenticate the CA
- Step 6: Enroll the IPsec VPN Gateways with the CA
- Automating Enrollment with the CA
- Automating Re-Enrollment with the CA
- Selecting Cryptographic Parameters for IKE Policies
-
Selecting the Appropriate Method of IKE Authentication
- Selecting and Configuring IPsec Transforms
- Designing and Configuring Crypto Access Lists
- Pulling Everything Together with a Crypto Map
- Complete IPsec VPN Gateway Configurations
-
Transporting Multiprotocol and Multicast Traffic over an IPsec VPN
-
Configuring GRE/IPsec Tunnels
- Step 1: Configure the GRE Tunnel Interfaces
- Step 2: Configure the Routing Protocol or Static Routes
- Step 3: Configure the IKE Policies
- Step 4: Configure the IPsec Transform Sets
- Step 5: Configure the Crypto Access Lists
- Step 6: Configure and Apply Crypto Maps
- Complete IPsec VPN Gateway Configurations with GRE Tunnel for Multiprotocol and Multicast Traffic Transport
- Configuring VTIs
-
Configuring GRE/IPsec Tunnels
- Manual SA and Key Management
-
Deploying IPsec VPNs with NAT/PAT
-
How NAT/PAT Breaks IPsec
- NAT/PAT Can Cause IKE Negotiation Initiated by IPsec Peers on Outside Networks to Fail
- NAT/PAT Can Cause Rekeying to Fail When NAT/PAT Is Based on IKE Cookies
- NAT/PAT Might Break IP Address IKE Identifier Verification
- NAT/PAT Can Cause IPsec Peers to Drop ISAKMP Traffic
- NAT/PAT Causes IPsec Devices to Drop All AH Traffic
- NAT/PAT Based on SPI Selection Might Break IPsec
- NAT/PAT Devices Might Not Translate ESP Packets
- NAT/PAT Translation Timeouts Can Cause IPsec Traffic to be Dropped
- NAT/PAT Can Cause TCP/UDP Header Checksum Verification to Fail When TCP/UDP Traffic Is Transported over ESP
- NAT/PAT Can Cause Applications with Embedded IP Addresses to Fail
- Unintentional NAT’ing of User Packets Can Cause These Packets Not to Be Sent over the IPsec Tunnel
- Getting Around Issues with NAT/PAT and IPsec Tunnels
-
How NAT/PAT Breaks IPsec
- Allowing IPsec to Traverse a Firewall
-
Selecting and Configuring IKE Policies for Automated SA and Key Management
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
7. Scaling and Optimizing IPsec VPNs
-
Scaling IPsec Virtual Private Networks
- Reducing the Number of IPsec Tunnels Required in a VPN
- Reducing IPsec VPN Configuration Complexity with TED and DMVPN
-
Scaling IPsec VPNs with Digital Signature Authentication
- Background to PKI Deployment
- Deploying the PKI for an IPsec VPN: Considerations
-
Simplifying PKI Deployment with the IOS Certificate Server
- Determining the Cisco IOS Certificate Server Deployment Model
-
Configuring a Cisco IOS Certificate Server
- Step 1: Set the Time on the Router
- Step 2: Generate and Export the Cisco IOS Certificate Server Key Pair (Recommended)
- Step 3: Configure the HTTP Server (Recommended)
- Step 4: Configure the Cisco IOS Certificate Server’s Database Parameters
- Step 5: Configure Certificate Attributes
- Step 6: Specify the CRL Lifetime
- Step 7: Enable the Cisco IOS Certificate Server
- Approving, Rejecting, Revoking, and Manually Requesting Certificates
- Ensuring High Availability in an IPsec VPN
- Designing QoS for IPsec VPNs
-
MTU and Fragmentation Considerations in an IPsec VPN
- IPsec Packet Overhead
-
Ensuring That Large IPsec Packets Are Not Fragmented or Dropped
- Fragmentation of IPsec and GRE/IPsec Packets
- Fragmentation of Plain IPsec Packets
- Fragmentation of GRE/IPsec Packets
- PMTUD and IPsec Packet Drops
- Solutions for IPsec Packet Fragmentation and Drops
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
Scaling IPsec Virtual Private Networks
-
2. Designing and Deploying L2TPv3-Based Layer 2 VPNs
-
III. Remote Access VPNs
-
8. Designing and Implementing L2TPv2 and L2TPv3 Remote Access VPNs
- Benefits and Drawbacks of L2TP Remote Access VPNs
- Operation of L2TP Voluntary/Client-Initiated Tunnel Mode
-
Implementing L2TP Voluntary/Client-Initiated Tunnel Mode Remote Access VPNs
- Configuring PSK Authentication for L2TP/IPsec Voluntary Tunnel Mode VPNs
-
Implementing Digital Signature (Digital Certificate) Authentication with L2TP/IPsec Voluntary/Client-Initiated Tunnel Mode Remote Access VPNs
- Configuring the L2TP/IPsec VPN Gateway for Digital Signature Authentication
- Configuring Windows L2TP/IPsec Remote Access Clients for Digital Signature (Digital Certificate) Authentication
- Verifying L2TP/IPsec Voluntary Tunnel Mode Remote Access VPNs
- Configuring L2TP/IPsec Remote Access VPNs to Transit NAT Devices
- Deploying L2TP Voluntary/Client-Initiated VPNs on Cisco IOS Routers
- Designing and Implementing L2TP Compulsory/NAS-Initiated Tunnel Mode Remote Access VPNs
- Integrating L2TP Remote Access VPNs with MPLS VPNs
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
9. Designing and Deploying IPsec Remote Access and Teleworker VPNs
- Comparing IPsec Remote Access VPNs with Other Types of Remote Access VPNs
- Understanding IKE in an IPsec Remote Access VPN Environment
-
Deploying IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Preshared Key and Digital Signature Authentication
-
Implementing IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Preshared Key Authentication
- Configuring an IPsec Remote Access VPN Gateway for Preshared Key Authentication
- Configuring the Cisco VPN Client for IKE Preshared Key Authentication
-
Designing and Deploying IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Digital Signature Authentication
- Implementing Digital Signature Authentication on IPsec Remote Access VPN Gateways
- Deploying IKE Digital Signature Authentication on IPsec Remote Access VPN Clients
- Implementing IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Hybrid Authentication
- Verifying and Debugging IPsec Remote Access VPNs
- Configuring NAT Transparency for IPsec Remote Access VPNs
- IPsec Remote Access/Telecommuter VPNs Using Easy VPN (EZVPN)
- Integrating IPsec with MPLS VPNs
- High Availability: Enabling Redundancy for IPsec Remote Access VPNs
- Placing IPsec Remote Access VPN Gateways in Relation to Firewalls
- Considerations When Building Wireless IPsec VPNs
- Allowing or Disallowing Split Tunneling for Remote Access VPN Clients
-
Implementing IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Preshared Key Authentication
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
10. Designing and Building SSL Remote Access VPNs (WebVPN)
- Comparing SSL VPNs to Other Types of Remote Access VPNs
- Understanding the Operation of SSL Remote Access VPNs
-
Using Clientless SSL Remote Access VPNs (WebVPN) on the Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator
-
Completing Basic SSL Remote Access VPN Access Configuration Tasks on the Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator
- Step 1: Enroll and Obtain a (SSL) Certificate for the VPN 3000 Concentrator from a Certificate Authority (Optional)
- Step 2: Enable WebVPN for Relevant User Groups
- Step 3: Specify Acceptable Versions of SSL and Configure Cryptographic Algorithms Associated with SSL Cipher Suites (Optional)
- Step 4: Enable SSL on the VPN 3000 Concentrator’s Public Interface
- Configuring File and Web Server Access via SSL Remote Access VPNs
- Enabling TCP Applications over Clientless SSL Remote Access VPNs
- Configuring E-mail Proxy for SSL Remote Access VPN Users
-
Completing Basic SSL Remote Access VPN Access Configuration Tasks on the Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator
- Implementing Full Network Access Using the Cisco SSL VPN Client
- Strengthening SSL Remote Access VPNs Security by Implementing Cisco Secure Desktop
-
Enabling SSL VPNs (WebVPN) on Cisco IOS Devices
- Step 1: Configure Domain Name and Name Server Addresses
- Step 2: Configure Remote AAA for Remote Access User Login Authentication
- Step 3: Enroll the IOS Router with a CA and Obtain an Identity Certificate
- Step 4: Enable WebVPN
- Step 5: Configure Basic SSL Parameters
- Step 6: Customize Login and Home Pages (Optional)
- Step 7: Specify URLs
- Step 8: Configure Port Forwarding
-
Deploying SSL VPNs (WebVPN) on the ASA 5500
- Step 1: Configure the HTTP Server
- Step 2: Enable WebVPN on the Outside Interface
- Step 3: Configure the WebVPN User Group Policy and Attributes
- Step 4: Configure Remote Access User Authentication
- Step 5: Specify URL Lists
- Step 6: Configure File Access, Entry, and Browsing
- Step 7: Configure Port Forwarding
- Step 8: Configure E-mail Proxy
- Step 9: Specify an SSL Trustpoint, SSL Version, and SSL Encryption Algorithm (Optional)
- Step 10: Customize Login and Home Pages (Optional)
- Verifying SSL VPNs on the ASA
- Summary
- Review Questions
-
8. Designing and Implementing L2TPv2 and L2TPv3 Remote Access VPNs
- IV. Appendixes
Product information
- Title: Comparing, Designing, and Deploying VPNs
- Author(s):
- Release date: April 2006
- Publisher(s): Cisco Press
- ISBN: 9781587051791
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