CMOS Voltage References: An Analytical and Practical Perspective

NOMENCLATURE

SoC	System-On-Chip
ATE	Automatic test equipment
J	Joule
Col	Coulomb
K	Kelvin
°C	degree Celsius
VT	Thermal voltage, kT/q
VDD	Positive supply voltage
VSS	Negative supply voltage
BJT	Bipolar Junction Transistor
IB	Base Current of Bipolar Transistor
IC	Collector Current of Bipolar Transistor
IE	Emitter Current of Bipolar Transistor
IS	Saturation Current of Bipolar Transistor
JC	Collector Current Density of Bipolar Transistor
JS	Saturation Current Density of Bipolar Transistor
VBE	Base-Emitter Voltage of a BJT
VCE	Collector-Emitter Voltage of a BJT
RB	Zero-bias base ohmic resistance
RE	Emitter resistance
RC	Collector resistance
VG0	Silicon Bandgap Voltage Extrapolated at 0 K
AE	Emitter Area of Bipolar Transistor
WB	BJT base width
β	Forward current gain
VD	Forward-bias diode voltage
MOSFET	Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
NMOS	N-Channel MOSFET
PMOS	P-Channel MOSFET
CMOS	Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
W	MOSFET Gate Width
L	MOSFET Gate Length
S	Channel Width to Length Ratio (W/L) of a MOSFET
IDS	Drain to Source Current of a MOSFET
ID,sub	Drain to Source Current of a MOSFET biased in subthreshold mode
ID,lin	Drain to Source Current of a MOSFET biased in triode mode
ID,sat	Drain to Source Current of a MOSFET biased in saturation mode
ID,leak	Drain to Source Leakage Current or Off Current of a MOSFET in cutoff mode
Îleak	Unit Drain to Source Current Normalized by S
ζ