Chapter 9: Pharmacokinetic Considerations: Methods and Systems of Controlled Drug Delivery
Controlled drug delivery applies interdisciplinary approaches to engineer systems that improve the therapeutic value of drugs. This review addresses the biological basis of drug delivery, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations important to the design of controlled release delivery systems, and the methods to fabricate them. The focus of this review will principally be on oral and transdermal applications. Systems at various stages of development for the delivery of more complex molecules, such as proteins, oligonucleotides, genes, and sRNA's will also be discussed.
The frequency of drug dosing is usually determined by the drug's duration in the body. For drugs that are inherently long lasting, once daily oral dosing is sufficient to sustain adequate drug blood levels and the desired therapeutic effect. Formulation of these drugs as conventional, immediate-release dosage forms is used for the patient. However, many drugs are not inherently long lasting and require multiple doses each day to achieve the desired therapeutic results. Multiple daily dosing often is inconvenient for the patient and can result in missed doses, made-up doses, and patient noncompliance with the therapeutic regimen. In addition, sequential therapeutic blood level peaks and valleys (troughs) are ...
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