DHCP Protocol Messages and Addresses
Sit back for a moment, and think about the role of DHCP for a host computer. The host acts as a DHCP client. As a DHCP client, the host begins with no IPv4 settings: no IPv4 address, no mask, no default router, and no DNS server IP addresses. But a DHCP client does have knowledge of the DHCP protocol, so the client can use that protocol to (a) discover a DHCP server and (b) request to lease an IPv4 address.
The DHCP process to lease an IP address uses the following four messages between the client and server. (Also, as a way to help remember the messages, note that the first letters spell DORA):
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