<iostream>
The <iostream>
header declares the eight standard stream objects:
cerr
, cin
, clog
,
cout
, wcerr
, wcin
, wclog
, and wcout
. These objects are initialized when the
first instance of ios_base::Init
is
constructed (or earlier), or before the main
program starts. They are not destroyed
during normal program execution, so any static object’s destructor or
other function can use the standard I/O objects.
Each of the standard I/O objects is associated with a standard C
FILE
pointer (see <cstdio>
). (You can sever the connection
by calling ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false)
, as described
in <ios>
.) You can use narrow
or wide I/O objects, but once you have performed any I/O on an
underlying C stream, you cannot switch from narrow to wide or wide to
narrow. For example, after writing to cerr
, you cannot write to wclog
because both objects use the same C
stream, stderr
. See Chapter 9 for more information about
I/O.
Many C++ programmers assume that <iostream>
automatically #include
s <istream>
and <ostream>
, but the standard does not
guarantee that behavior. Always #include
every header you need, for
example:
#include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #include <istream> #include <ostream> // Copy standard input to standard output. int main( ) { std::cout << std::cin.rdbuf( ); return std::cout ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE; }
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