10.14. Nonmedical Applications
• Fingerprint detection as described in Section 10.4.4 is a measurement on humans, but not for a medical purpose.
• The monitoring of fermentation processes in beer brewing or pharmaceutical industry is measuring on different sort of cell suspensions.
• Plant tissue is both strongly similar and very different from animal tissue; the cell membranes for instance are quite different.
• Meat quality can be estimated from bioimpedance measurements; see e.g., Oliver et al. (2001) and Guerro et al. (2004).
• In geophysics, impedance measurements were used as early as in the 1920s for oil exploration (Schlumberger, 1920). Impedance measurements are also used for monitoring volcanic activity, for example, on Iceland.
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