Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics, 3rd Edition

8.3. Amplifiers, Bridges, Analyzers

Circuitry for impedance measurements has changed dramatically since the first measurements were performed on biological tissue. The development of digital electronics and the incorporation of computer power in almost all instruments have had an important impact on the possibilities of studying the passive electrical behavior of biomaterials over a wide frequency range, and with a speed that was not feasible only a few years ago. Only a brief summary of some of the techniques will be given in this section.

8.3.1. Black Box Analysis, Amplifiers, Filters

Let us consider a black box containing some series combination of ideal components: one resistor, one or no battery, and one or no capacitor. By external measurements, ...