Glossary
ACE:
The ACE is the average causal effect, which is the average of the individual causal effects (ICEs) across a particular population.
Adherence:
Adherence refers to the extent to which a subject continues to obey the study’s requirements. Adherence and compliance are sometimes used interchangeably, but failure to adhere does not have the connotation of being willful, as noncompliance often does. Some forms of nonadherence may be entirely outside the subject’s control.
Adjusted effect:
An adjusted effect is an estimated effect that has been adjusted by controlling for covariates using a statistical technique such as matching, stratification, or regression.
Assignment bias:
Assignment bias is the bias that can result from lack of exchangeability between the study groups. Assignment bias in various contexts has been called confounding, lack of internal validity, or selection bias.
Assignment homogeneity:
Assignment homogeneity across strata means that the assignment probabilities are identical for all of the strata. In this book, the term has been used primarily when we assume the existence of exchangeability of the study groups within strata. In this case, there is a single assignment probability that applies to all response types and has the same value for each stratum.
Assignment mechanism:
The process by which each study subject is assigned to a particular exposure state. For each possible response pattern, the assignment mechanism induces a corresponding ...
