Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health

Chapter 3. Hazard and Risk Assessment of Workplace Exposure to Engineered Nanoparticles

Methods, Issues, and Carbon Nanotube Case Study

Eileen Kuempel and Vincent Castranova

Chapter Outline

3.1 Introduction65

3.1.1 Risk Assessment Paradigm66

3.1.2 Hazard Assessment67

3.1.3 Dose–Response Assessment71

No Observed or Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Levels71

Benchmark Dose Methods72

Comparison of BMD versus NOAEL/LOAEL73

3.1.4 Temporal Extrapolation73

3.2 Case Study Example: Carbon Nanotubes74

3.2.1 Data Description74

3.2.2 Severity of Effects75

3.2.3 Risk Assessment Steps: Benchmark Dose Estimation77

3.3 Discussion83

3.3.1 Comparison to Other Methods83

3.3.2 Research Needs87

3.3.3 Future Directions88

3.4 Appendix: Pulmonary Ventilation Rate Calculations89

3.4.1 Rat Ventilation ...