13.13. Further Readings
Operation contracts come out of the formal specifications area, and have been used and refined since the 1960s, such as in the Vienna Development Method (VDM) [BJ78]; there is a wealth of literature on VDM and other formal specification languages.
Bertrand Meyer contributed to a much wider awareness of formal specifications and contracts with the inclusion of pre- and postconditions within the Eiffel language; his Object-Oriented Software Construction provides details. He is responsible for the notion of Design by Contract.
Within the UML, operation contracts can also be specified more rigorously in the Object Constraint Language (OCL), for which Warmer and Kleppe's The Object Constraint Language: Precise Modeling with ...
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