Applied Optics Fundamentals and Device Applications

Applied Optics Fundamentals and Device Applications

by Mark A. Mentzer
Released December 2017
Publisher(s): CRC Press
ISBN: 9781351833738

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Book description

How does the field of optical engineering impact biotechnology?

Perhaps for the first time, Applied Optics Fundamentals and Device Applications: Nano, MOEMS, and Biotechnology answers that question directly by integrating coverage of the many disciplines and applications involved in optical engineering, and then examining their applications in nanobiotechnology. Written by a senior U.S. Army research scientist and pioneer in the field of optical engineering, this book addresses the exponential growth in materials, applications, and cross-functional relevance of the many convergent disciplines making optical engineering possible, including nanotechnology, MEMS, (MOEMS), and biotechnology.

Integrates Coverage of MOEMS, Optics, and Nanobiotechnology—and Their Market Applications

Providing an unprecedented interdisciplinary perspective of optics technology, this book describes everything from core principles and fundamental relationships, to emerging technologies and practical application of devices and systems—including fiber-optic sensors, integrated and electro-optics, and specialized military applications. The author places special emphasis on:

  • Fiber sensor systems
  • Electro-optics and acousto-optics
  • Optical computing and signal processing
  • Optical device performance
  • Thin film magnetic memory
  • MEMS, MOEMS, nano- and bionanotechnologies
  • Optical diagnostics and imaging
  • Integrated optics
  • Design constraints for materials, manufacturing, and application space

Bridging the technology gaps between interrelated fields, this reference is a powerful tool for students, engineers and scientists in the electrical, chemical, mechanical, biological, aerospace, materials, and optics fields. Its value also extends to applied physicists and professionals interested in the relationships between emerging technologies and cross-disciplinary opportunities.

Author Mark A. Mentzer is a pioneer in the field of optical engineering. He is a senior research scientist at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in Maryland. Much of his current work involves extending the fields of optical engineering and solid state physics into the realm of biochemistry and molecular biology, as well as structured research in biophotonics.

Table of contents

  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Contents
  5. Foreword
  6. Author
  7. 1 Introduction to Convergent Disciplines in Optical Engineering: Nano, MOEMS, and Biotechnology
    1. References
  8. 2 Electro-Optics
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 Optical Device Applications
      1. 2.2.1 Phased Array Radar
      2. 2.2.2 GaAs Field Effect Transistor Technology
      3. 2.2.3 Optical Control of Microwave Devices
        1. 2.2.3.1 Optical Control of Active Devices: IMPATT Oscillators
        2. 2.2.3.2 Illumination Effect on IMPATT Diode Operation
        3. 2.2.3.3 Experimental Results on IMPATT Diodes: Optical Tuning
        4. 2.2.3.4 Noise Reduction by Optical Means
        5. 2.2.3.5 Optically Induced AM/FM Modulation
        6. 2.2.3.6 Optical Injection Locking
      4. 2.2.4 TRAPATT Oscillators
        1. 2.2.4.1 Illumination Effect on TRAPATT Operation
        2. 2.2.4.2 Experimental Results: Start-Up Jitter Reduction
        3. 2.2.4.3 Frequency Shifting
        4. 2.2.4.4 Variation of Output Power
      5. 2.2.5 MESFET Oscillator
      6. 2.2.6 Transistor Oscillators
      7. 2.2.7 Optical Control of Passive Devices: Dielectric Resonator Oscillator
        1. 2.2.7.1 Illumination Effects on Dielectric Resonator Oscillator
        2. 2.2.7.2 Experimental Results: Optical Tuning
        3. 2.2.7.3 FM Modulation
      8. 2.2.8 Applications of Optical Control
      9. 2.2.9 Future Needs and Trends iv Contents
    3. 2.3 Lithium Niobate Devices
      1. 2.3.1 Optical Switches
      2. 2.3.2 Directional Couplers
      3. 2.3.3 Modulators
      4. 2.3.4 Polarization Controllers
      5. 2.3.5 Integrated Systems
    4. 2.4 Applications of Fiber-Optic Systems
    5. 2.5 Optical Interconnects for Large-Scale Integrated Circuits and Fiber Transmission Systems
      1. 2.5.1 Introduction
      2. 2.5.2 Link Design and Packaging
      3. 2.5.3 Backplane Interconnects
      4. 2.5.4 Power Distribution
      5. 2.5.5 Large-Scale Integration Challenges
      6. 2.5.6 Advantages of Optical Interconnects
      7. 2.5.7 Compatible Source Technology
      8. 2.5.8 Receiver and Detector Technology
      9. 2.5.9 Integration of Sources and Detectors
      10. 2.5.10 Integrated Device Developments
    6. 2.6 Optical Interconnect Media
      1. 2.6.1 Guided Wave Interconnects
      2. 2.6.2 Single-Mode versus Multimode Fibers
      3. 2.6.3 Broadcast Interconnects
      4. 2.6.4 Free-Space Interconnects
      5. 2.6.5 Holographic Interconnects
      6. 2.6.6 Guided Wave versus Broadcast Interconnects
    7. 2.7 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: Information Distribution Techniques: WDM Schemes
      1. 2.7.1 Prisms
      2. 2.7.2 Gratings
      3. 2.7.3 Bandpass Filters
      4. 2.7.4 TDM Schemes
    8. 2.8 Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Modulators
    9. 2.9 Assessment of Interconnect System Architectures: Optical Networking Architectures
      1. 2.9.1 Direct Relay Interconnects
      2. 2.9.2 Fiber-Optic Data Busses
    10. 2.10 Interconnect Risk Assessments
    11. 2.11 Electro-Optic System Applications
      1. 2.11.1 Special Application Lighting and Laser Illumination
      2. 2.11.2 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers for Illumination
      3. 2.11.3 Spectral Matching Considerations
      4. 2.11.4 High-Brightness Imaging Contents v
    12. 2.12 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Technology
      1. 2.12.1 Introduction
      2. 2.12.2 VCSEL Structure
      3. 2.12.3 VCSEL Advantages
      4. 2.12.4 High-Power CW and QCW VCSEL Arrays
      5. 2.12.5 VCSEL Reliability
      6. 2.12.6 Single-Mode VCSEL Devices
      7. 2.12.7 High-Speed VCSEL Devices
      8. 2.12.8 High-Brightness Arrays of Single-Mode Devices
      9. 2.12.9 Blue, Green, and UV VCSELs
      10. 2.12.10 Narrow Divergence Arrays
      11. 2.12.11 VCSEL-Based 1064 nm Low-Noise Laser
      12. 2.12.12 Low-Noise Laser Cavity
    13. 2.13 Derivation of the Linear Electro-Optic (Pockels) Effect
    14. 2.14 Nonlinear Refractive Index
    15. References
  9. 3 Acousto-Optics, Optical Computing, and Signal Processing
    1. 3.1 Principle of Operation
    2. 3.2 Basic Bragg Cell Spectrum Analyzer
      1. 3.2.1 Components of Bragg Cell Receivers: Light Sources
      2. 3.2.2 Lenses
    3. 3.3 Integrated Optical Bragg Devices
      1. 3.3.1 Fourier Transform, Fourier Transform Lens
      2. 3.3.2 Dynamic Range
    4. 3.4 Noise Characterization of Photodetectors
    5. 3.5 Dynamic Range Enhancement
    6. 3.6 Photodetector Readout Techniques
    7. 3.7 Bulk versus Integrated Optic Bragg Cells
    8. 3.8 Integrated Optic Receiver Performance
    9. 3.9 Nonreceiver Integrated Optic Bragg Cell Applications
    10. 3.10 Optical Logic Gates
      1. 3.10.1 Introduction
      2. 3.10.2 Interferometer and Quantum Well Devices
    11. 3.11 Quantum Well Oscillators
      1. 3.11.1 Description of the Quantum Well
      2. 3.11.2 Solution of the Exciton Energy
      3. 3.11.3 Determination of Ee and Eh
      4. 3.11.4 Determination of EB
      5. 3.11.5 Effective Well Width Calculations and Computer Simulation
        1. 3.11.5.1 Matching of Wave Functions
        2. 3.11.5.2 Equating Energy
        3. 3.11.5.3 Computer Calculations vi Contents
      6. 3.11.6 Summary of Calculation Procedure
      7. 3.11.7 Example: Fabrication of MQW Oscillator
    12. 3.12 Design Example: Optically Addressed High-Speed, Nonvolatile, Radiation-Hardened Digital Magnetic Memory
      1. 3.12.1 History of the Magnetic Crosstie Memory
      2. 3.12.2 Fabrication and Operation of the Crosstie Memory
      3. 3.12.3 Potential Optical Detection Scheme
      4. 3.12.4 Radiation Hardening Considerations
    13. References
  10. 4 Fiber-Optic Sensors
    1. 4.1 Introduction
    2. 4.2 Amplitude Modulation Sensors
    3. 4.3 Phase Modulation Sensors
    4. 4.4 Fiber-Optic Magnetometer
    5. 4.5 Fiber Acoustic/Pressure Sensors
    6. 4.6 Optical Fiber Characteristics
    7. 4.7 Fiber Transducer Considerations
    8. 4.8 Fiber Sensor Laser Selection
    9. 4.9 Laser Frequency Stability Considerations
    10. 4.10 Couplers and Connectors for Fiber Sensors
    11. 4.11 Fiber Sensor Detector Considerations
    12. 4.12 Fiber Magnetometer Applications
    13. 4.13 Fiber Sensor Operation
    14. 4.14 Fiber Sensor Signal Processing
      1. 4.14.1 Reference Phase Modulation
      2. 4.14.2 Fiber Sensor System Noise
    15. 4.15 Environmental Stabilization
    16. 4.16 Fiber Sensor System Design Considerations
    17. 4.17 Laser Diode Frequency Stability Considerations
      1. 4.17.1 Laser Operation
      2. 4.17.2 Effect of Modulation and Modulation Depth on Mode Spectrum
      3. 4.17.3 Experimental Observations
      4. 4.17.4 Guided Index and DFB Laser Operation
      5. 4.17.5 Modulation Depth and Signal-to-Noise Considerations
      6. 4.17.6 Instability due to Optical Feedback from Distant Reflectors
      7. 4.17.7 Stability with Moderate External Feedback
      8. 4.17.8 Laser Frequency Stability Considerations in Fiber-Optic Sensors
      9. 4.17.9 Achieving Laser Stability through External Control Contents vii
      10. 4.17.10 Rare-Earth-Doped Semiconductor Injection Laser Structures
      11. 4.17.11 Solutions to Laser Frequency Instability: Summary
    18. 4.18 Fiber Sensor Design Example: Fiber-Optic Sonar Dome Pressure Transducer
      1. 4.18.1 Identification and Significance of the Problem
      2. 4.18.2 Possible Solution for a Sonar Dome Pressure Transducer
      3. 4.18.3 Feasibility Analysis
      4. 4.18.4 System Sensitivity
      5. 4.18.5 Light Source
      6. 4.18.6 Photodetectors
      7. 4.18.7 Single-Mode Fiber Directional Couplers
      8. 4.18.8 Optical Fibers
      9. 4.18.9 Reference Branch Phase Modulator
      10. 4.18.10 Electronic Circuitry
    19. 4.19 Design Example 2: Fiber-Optic-Based Laser Warning Receiver
      1. 4.19.1 System Requirements
      2. 4.19.2 Laser Threats
      3. 4.19.3 Laser Detection
      4. 4.19.4 System Configuration
      5. 4.19.5 False Alarms and Laser Discrimination
      6. 4.19.6 System Summary
    20. References
  11. 5 Integrated Optics
    1. 5.1 Planar Optical Waveguide Theory
    2. 5.2 Comparison of “Exact“ and Numerical Channel Waveguide Theories
    3. 5.3 Modes of the Channel Waveguide
    4. 5.4 Directional Couplers
    5. 5.5 Key Considerations in the Specifications of an Optical Circuit
      1. 5.5.1 Introduction
      2. 5.5.2 Waveguide Building Block and Wavelength Selection
      3. 5.5.3 Optical Throughput Loss
      4. 5.5.4 Material Growth: MOCVD versus MBE
      5. 5.5.5 Microwave and Electronic Circuit Compatibility
      6. 5.5.6 Integratability
    6. 5.6 Processing and Compatibility Constraints
      1. 5.6.1 Introduction
      2. 5.6.2 Substrate Specifications
      3. 5.6.3 Epitaxial Growth viii Contents
      4. 5.6.4 Metallization
      5. 5.6.5 Thin-Film Insulators
      6. 5.6.6 Photolithography
    7. 5.7 Waveguide Building Block Processing Considerations
      1. 5.7.1 Introduction
      2. 5.7.2 Material Systems: Control of Loss, Refractive Index, and Electro-Optic Effect
    8. 5.8 Coupling Considerations
      1. 5.8.1 Fiber to Waveguide Coupling
      2. 5.8.2 Waveguide to Fiber Coupling
      3. 5.8.3 Laser Diode to Waveguide Coupling
      4. 5.8.4 Waveguide to Detector Coupling
    9. 5.9 Lithium Niobate Technology
      1. 5.9.1 Electro-Optic and Photorefractive Effects
      2. 5.9.2 Photolithography and Waveguide Fabrication
      3. 5.9.3 Implantation and Proton Exchange Techniques
    10. 5.10 Semiconductor Waveguide Fabrication Techniques
      1. 5.10.1 Ion Implantation
      2. 5.10.2 Ion-Implanted Semiconductor Annealing
      3. 5.10.3 MOCVD: Growth and Evaluation
      4. 5.10.4 MBE: Growth and Evaluation
      5. 5.10.5 MBE Development in Space
    11. 5.11 GaAs Foundry Capabilities
    12. 5.12 Emerging Commercial Devices and Applications
      1. 5.12.1 Fiber-Optic Couplers
      2. 5.12.2 Performance Testing Issues for Splitters
      3. 5.12.3 Passive Optical Interconnects
      4. 5.12.4 Configuration of a Curved Transition Waveguide
    13. References
  12. 6 Optical Diagnostics and Imaging
    1. 6.1 Optical Characterization
    2. 6.2 Bandwidth Measurement
    3. 6.3 Stability: Temperature and Time Effects
    4. 6.4 Measurement of ND(d) Using Capacitance–Voltage Technique
    5. 6.5 “Post Office” Profiling
    6. 6.6 Spreading Resistance Profiling
    7. 6.7 Mobility Measurement
    8. 6.8 Cross-Section Transmission Electron Microscopy
    9. 6.9 Infrared Reflectivity Measurements
    10. 6.10 Other Analysis Techniques
    11. 6.11 Biotechnology Applications Contents ix
    12. 6.12 Parametric Analysis of Video
      1. 6.12.1 Parametric Analysis of Digital Imagery
        1. 6.12.1.1 CAD Data Integration
        2. 6.12.1.2 Real-Time Data Processing
        3. 6.12.1.3 Verification of FE Simulations
        4. 6.12.1.4 Complete Workflow in One Software Application
    13. 6.13 X-Ray Imaging
      1. 6.13.1 Introduction
      2. 6.13.2 Flash X-Ray
      3. 6.13.3 Typical System Requirements
      4. 6.13.4 Scintillators for Flash X-Ray
      5. 6.13.5 System Configurations
    14. References
  13. 7 MEMS, MOEMS, Nano, and Bionanotechnologies
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 MEMS and Nanotechnology
      1. 7.2.1 Introduction
      2. 7.2.2 Biotechnology
      3. 7.2.3 Communications
      4. 7.2.4 Accelerometers
      5. 7.2.5 Advantages of MEMS and Nano Manufacturing
      6. 7.2.6 Developments Needed
        1. 7.2.6.1 Limited Options
        2. 7.2.6.2 Packaging
        3. 7.2.6.3 Fabrication Knowledge Required
    3. 7.3 Nanotechnology Applications
    4. 7.4 V-Groove Coupler Geometry and Design Considerations
    5. 7.5 Bionanotechnology
      1. 7.5.1 Introduction
      2. 7.5.2 Biology Labs on a Chip
      3. 7.5.3 Applications in Bioorganic Chemistry
        1. 7.5.3.1 Smell
        2. 7.5.3.2 Protein Structure and Folding and the Influence of the Aqueous Environment
        3. 7.5.3.3 Evolution and the Biochemistry of Life
        4. 7.5.3.4 Biochemical Analysis and Cancer
      4. 7.5.4 Bioimaging Applications
      5. 7.5.5 Biologically Inspired Computing and Signal Processing
    6. References
  14. Index

Product information

  • Title: Applied Optics Fundamentals and Device Applications
  • Author(s): Mark A. Mentzer
  • Release date: December 2017
  • Publisher(s): CRC Press
  • ISBN: 9781351833738