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Through executing transactions, you can manipulate the data in a database. In this chapter we’ll demonstrate how you can specify a transaction in a formal way. We won’t formally introduce any new concepts; we’ve already presented all the ingredients for specifying transactions.

The section “Formally Specifying Transactions” gradually develops how you can specify a transaction. You’ll learn that you can specify a transaction as a function over the database universe at hand. For every database state, this function returns another database state that reflects the intended changes of the transaction. In this section, we’ll also give two examples ...

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