The technologies that are likely to have the greatest impact on a company and an industry are technologies outside its own field.

Many changes that have transformed enterprises have originated outside the specific industry of that enterprise. Here are three notable examples. The zipper was originally invented to close bales of heavy goods, such as grain, particularly in seaports. Nobody thought of using it for clothing. The clothing industry did not think it could replace buttons. And the inventor never dreamed it would be successful in the clothing industry.

Commercial paper (that is, short-term notes originated by nonbank financial institutions) did not originate with banks, but had a tremendous ...

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