Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Bold

Indicates new terms.

Italic

Used within paragraphs to refer to linguistic examples, the names of texts, and URLs; also used for filenames and file extensions.

Constant width

Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable or function names, statements, and keywords; also used for program names.

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values determined by context; also used for metavariables within program code examples.

Tip

This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note.

Caution

This icon indicates a warning or caution.

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