Name
tail
Synopsis
tail [options
] [file
]
Prints the last 10 lines of the named file. Uses either -f or -r, but not both.
Options
- -f
Don’t quit at the end of file; “follow” file as it grows. End with an INTR (usually
^C
).- -F
Behaves the same as the -f option with the exception that it checks every five seconds to see if the filename has changed. If it has, it closes the file and opens the new file.
- -r
Copy lines in reverse order.
-
-c
n
Begin printing at
n
th byte from the end of file.-
-b
n
Begin printing at
n
th block from the end of file.-
-n
n
Start at
n
th line from the end of file. -n is the default and doesn’t need to be specified.- [+/-]
To start from the beginning of the file, use + before
num
. The default is to start from the end of the file; this can also be done by using a - beforenum
.
Examples
Show the last 20 lines containing instances of .Ah:
$ grep '\.Ah' file | tail -20
Continually track the system log:
$ tail -f /var/log/system.log
Show the last 10 characters of variable name
:
$ echo "$name" | tail -c -10
Reverse all lines in list:
$ tail -r list
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