Non-Repudiation

Non-repudiation is the presentation of unforgeable evidence that a message was sent or received. If messages or transactions can be disputed, then important identity actions can be challenged and jeopardized. These disputes can take two forms. Consider two people, Alice and Bob, who are exchanging messages. In one case, Alice denies sending a message to Bob that he claims to have received. Being able to counter Alice's denial is called Non-Repudiation of Origin (NRO). In the second case, Alice claims to have sent Bob a message that he denies having received. Offering evidence to counter Bob's claim is called Non-Repudiation of Receipt (NRR).

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